What is civil engineering ?
Civil engineering is a branch of engineering where we can construct & demolition of structure.
Where we get Civil Engineering Study Materials 2024?
Civil engineering Study Materials in Pdf :—-
Hello “civil engineers” Civil Engineering Study Materials 2024
download your civil engineering notes/objective book/subjective book/ practical book/interview book.
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SURVEYING
➤ Theory of probability applied to accidental error only.
➤ The difference between the most probable value and its observed value is residual error.
➤ Geodetic surveying is different from plane surveying because of the curvature of the earth.
Civil Engineering Study Materials 2024
➤ The error due to bad ranging is cumulative positive.
➤ Offsets are short measurements from chain line.
➤ Invar tape is generally used for short measurements.
➤ An invar tape is made of an alloy of nickel and steel.
➤ Number of links in a 30m chain are 150.
➤ Ranging is the process of aligning the chain in a straight line between two extremities.
➤ The principle of ‘working from whole to part’ is used in surveying because of accumulation of errors is prevented.
➤ A metallic tape is made of cloth and wires.
ENVIRONMENTOL ENGINEERING
➤ Use of metering system causes the decrease in per capita consumption.
➤ 1.5 is the hourly factor, 1.8 daily factor and 2.7 is the peak demand.
➤ The distribution mains are designed for maximum hourly demand.
➤ Geometrical method is used for young and rapidly developed cities for forecasting the population.
➤ Arithmetical method is used for large cities. Civil Engineering Study Materials 2024
➤ As compared to geometrical method arithmetical method gives less value.
➤ Intakes are installed for drawing the water from the sources.
➤ Reflux valve provided on the suction pipe in a tube well.
➤ The maximum discharge in tube well is 50lit/sec.
➤ As compare to the shallow wells deep wells have more discharge. Civil Engineering Study Materials 2024
➤ Ground water is generally free from suspended impurities.